Dynamics of local governance in natural resource conservation in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

There has been a shift in natural resource management worldwide. This paper describes how modern institutions and policies influence management and shape access to and utilization of resources by rural communities in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. It is rooted in the framework of adaptive co‐governance within social‐ecological systems, and employs a critical literature review to analyse access to and use of natural resources in rural Botswana. Prior to the establishment of community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM) in Botswana in 1989, resource governance was dominated by strong traditional institutions that were responsible for natural resource management and decision‐making. Contemporary natural resource governance is characterized by a bureaucratic system that invariably undermines the role of traditional institutions in natural resource governance. Findings indicate that policies and regulatory instruments deny rural communities adequate access to and utilization of resources available within their immediate environment. In spite of an orientation towards an anthropocentric approach to natural resource management (as in the case of CBNRM), the current governance system continues to undermine the inclusion of local resource users as legitimate stakeholders in the decision‐making process.     

Towards deliberative and pragmatic co-management: a comparison between inshore fisheries authorities in England and Scotland

In seeking to answer the question ‘who should be included in fisheries co-management?’, a constructive critique of the existing co-management literature is provided by filling the gaps of Habermas’s deliberative theory of democracy with Dewey’s pragmatism. Three conditions for ensuring democratic co-management are extrapolated from the theories: actors’ authority over decision making (empowerment), actors’ diversity (membership), and the right to self-nomination (procedures for external inclusion). The theoretical insights developed are supported with two examples of co-management institutions for inshore fisheries in the UK: Scottish Inshore Fisheries Groups (IFGs) and English Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authorities (IFCAs).     

Institutional Constraints on Cost‐Effective Water Management: Selenium Contamination in Colorado's Lower Arkansas River Valley

Ground and surface water selenium (Se) contamination is problematic throughout the world, leading to harmful impacts on aquatic life, wildlife, livestock, and humans. A groundwater reactive transport model was applied to a regional‐scale irrigated groundwater system in the Lower Arkansas River Basin in southeastern Colorado to identify management practices that remediate Se contamination. The system has levels of surface water and groundwater Se concentrations exceeding the respective chronic standard and guidelines. We evaluate potential solutions by combining the transport model with an assessment of the cost to employ those practices. We use a framework common in economics and engineering fields alike, the Pareto frontier, to show the impact of four different best management practices on the tradeoffs between Se and cost objectives. We then extend that analysis to include institutional constraints that affect the economic feasibility associated with each practice. Results indicate that although water‐reducing strategies have the greatest impact on Se, they are the hardest for farmers to implement given constraints common to western water rights institutions. Therefore, our analysis shows that estimating economic and environmental tradeoffs, as is typically done with a Pareto frontier, will not provide an accurate picture of choices available to farmers where institutional constraints should also be considered.     

自动监测站第三方运维管理的思考

随着自动监测技术的不断发展,其连续、稳定的监测优势正在逐步代替手工监测,各地监测部门投入了大量的资源和精力建成了大量的空气、水质自动站,在灰霾监测、河道水质监管、大环境预警方面等都起到了积极作用。由于自动站数量多,工作任务复杂繁重,因此大部分地区都采用第三方托管模式进行自动站日常运维管理。如何有效的进行权责分配、提高工作效率、减少管理摩擦等成为业主方不可回避和亟待解决的问题。根据实际管理实践,结合一些实用的管理经验,提出了一系列相关措施。     

基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态智能评价方法

为了解决利用声发射在线检测技术对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行评价时,主要依赖检测人员经验的问题,使该项技术能更好地推广和应用,利用储罐底板在线检测的声发射信息和外观检查信息,并根据相关标准及专家经验,确定与储罐底板腐蚀状态相关的表征因素。采用遗传算法(GA)改进贝叶斯网络(BN)搜索方法,建立基于GA的BN智能评价方法。针对声发射在线检测信息和外观检查信息,分别建立基于标准用声发射因素、基于声发射因素和综合考虑声发射因素和外观检查因素的基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型。通过对测试样本的评价,对比声发射检测专家评价结果,其中基于在线检测信息的储罐底板腐蚀状态评价模型的准确率为96%,该模型能够对储罐底板腐蚀状态进行可靠的智能评价。     

基于信息融合的天然气采气管线安全性评价

信息融合技术充分利用多源信息的互补性、综合性,可以极大地提高评价指标信息的质量和可信度。针对天然气采气管线运行环境复杂性带来的采气管线安全检测与评价在时间与空间的不确定性,通过采集以及分析天然气采气管线的宏观检测信息、无损检测信息、理化检测信息以及力学性能信息,提出了一种利用信息融合技术的采气管线安全性评价的模型,给出了该评价模型的步骤,并对某在役运行的天然气采气管线进行了安全性评价,并获得满意的效果。评价结果表明该管线存在不同程度腐蚀,安全性评价表明该管线可安全运行。     

高校环境专业实验教学存在的问题及对策

实验教学在高校环境专业教学工作中发挥着越来越重要的作用。通过对高校环境专业实验教学的现状和所存在的问题进行分析,提出了优化实验教学内容、改进实验教学方法和考核方式等改进措施,以提高高校环境专业实验教学水平。     

Competing hypotheses analyses of the associations between group task conflict and group relationship conflict

Although previous research have reported strong and positive intercorrelations between group task conflict and group relationship conflict, several different theoretical rationales exist for the positive link and the empirical literature remains equivocal. To clarify the causal linkage between the two types of conflict, we derived seven models specifying how group task and relationship conflict can be related to each other, including some rival explanations. We tested the competing models using a longitudinal panel design, with data collected from 74 project teams comprising a total of 388 students. The results indicated that relationship conflict led to an increased subsequent task conflict through negative group affect. Task conflict, however, predicted a subsequent relationship conflict under a specific context, that is, groups that had lower levels of trust among the members. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

岷江上游流域水电梯级开发的生态环境需水研究

本文通过分析岷江上游水电梯级开发对生态环境的主要影响,确定维持流域生态平衡的最小生态环境需水量测算方法。经测算,岷江上游的生态环境需水量占流域多年平均流量的6%～33%,越靠近源头,生态环境需水量所占比例越大。建议提高岷江上游生态环境需水量所占比例,将生态环境需水占比超过20%的茂县以上河段设为禁止开发区域,取消禁止开发区域内原规划的6级电站。同时在已建电站坝下和各县域出境断面设置生态流量监控断面,确保流域开发的环境生态平衡。     

“5·12”地震前后都江堰市地表覆盖状况变化分析

本文以应用遥感技术,对“5·12”地震都江堰区域地表覆盖状况进行分析评价。选取都江堰市基于2007年的LandsatTM影像和2010年HJ-1卫星CCD影像,通过面向对象和目视解译相结合的方法,提取了草地、河流、旱地、水田、建设用地等9类生态类型环境覆盖信息。结果表明：“5·12”汶川地震对地表生态环境的变化较大,北...